Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid deposits that form in the kidneys from the accumulation of minerals and salts found in urine. These crystals can vary in size and may cause excruciating pain as they travel through the urinary tract. The most common types of kidney stones include calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Dehydration, dietary factors, and certain medical conditions contribute to their formation. Symptoms often include intense pain in the back or side, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine. Treatment options range from pain management and increased fluid intake to medications that help dissolve or facilitate the passage of the stones. In more severe cases, procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or surgical intervention may be necessary. Adopting lifestyle changes, including a balanced diet and adequate hydration, plays a crucial role in preventing the recurrence of kidney stones.